Surface finish of cementitious nature and containing glass beads

ABSTRACT

A surface finish for application to a substrate comprises a matrix formed from a combination of at least a cementitious material, water and glass beads of either the same size or a blend of at least two different sizes and an adhesive. The adhesive includes a concrete fortifier and a silicone.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/335,021filed Jun. 17, 1999 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No.08/693,298 filed Oct. 30, 1996, now abandoned, which is a Section 371continuation of PCT/AU96/00075 filed Feb. 16, 1995.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present invention relates to surface finishes for pathways,walls, swimming pools and other structures and more particularly relatesto a surface finish which is of a cementitious nature and which includesat least one aggregate type comprising glass beads. More particularly,the invention relates to a mix forming and to a method of producing thefinishes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] In the building industry there has been prolific use of aggregatesurfaces for paving footpaths, surfacing of prefabricated buildingpanels and slabs to provide attractive and functional facades and in andaround swimming pools and the like. The known aggregate mixes haveinvariably utilized aggregate materials which include stones, pebblesand the like mixed in a matrix of cementitious material selected fromcement or resin.

[0004] The selection of pebbles and stones as the aggregate materialusually dictates the appearance of the finish particularly with respectto its color and texture. When resins are used, the aggregate providesthe final surface coloration as the cementitious resins are generallyclear. An alternative surface coating may be formed by using coloredmortar with pebbles and stones.

[0005] Despite the use of a wide range of aggregates to produce avariety of surface finishes successfully preparing a cementitioussurface matrix using as the aggregate material glass beads either aloneor with another aggregate materials selected from precious orsemi-precious stones, sands, quartz, marble, granites and the like hasbeen difficult to achieve. It was previously thought to beunsatisfactory to attempt to use other than conventional aggregates inhard wearing surface finishes as the bonding achieved was inferiorcompared with conventional aggregates. In the building industry it hasbeen considered unwise to use materials such as glass beads asaggregates as the glass is generally considered to be insufficientlyporous or rough enough to establish an effective bond. The bond is alsocompromised by alkalinity bleed out from the glass beads.

[0006] The present invention overcomes the effective use of alternativeaggregates and particularly glass beads in which the problems of poorbonding known in the prior art aggregates is overcome.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] In the broadest form of the apparatus aspect the presentinvention comprises; a surface finish for application to a verticalhorizontal or sloping surface/s of a structure or object which providesa substrate for said surface finish, the surface finish comprising; amatrix formed from a combination of at least a cementitious material,water, glass beads of either the same or different sizes and anadhesive.

[0008] In the preferred embodiment, the surface finish comprises ablended matrix of cementitious mortar, an aggregate of glass beads ofthe same or different sizes used alone or in conjunction with otheraggregates selected from precious stones, semiprecious stones or rawstones and liquid adhesive comprising a combination of a silicone and aconcrete fortifier for enhancing the bond between the cementitiousmortar and glass beads.

[0009] The finish may be applied to the surface of a structure such as abuilding facade, as a paving surface or simply to almost any objectformed from a material capable of forming a bond with the finish.

[0010] The consistency and/or blend of the matrix may be variedaccording to the nature of the substrate surface to which the surfacecoating is applied. Thus the mix will vary according to whether or notthe surface is horizontal, vertical or sloped and according to the typeof material which forms the substrate. For instance, application of thefinish to a vertical surface requires the mix to bind to the surface andthis is achieved by ensuring that the mix assumes the right pasteconsistency.

[0011] According to the method aspect, the present invention alsoprovides a method of preparing a surface finish comprising the steps of,a) mixing a cementitious mortar with water and a liquid or powderedadhesive, b) introducing glass beads into the mix alone or with anotheraggregate, c) blending the mix for a pre-selected duration until the mixreaches a predetermined consistency, d) applying the mix to a substratesurface of a structure or other object, e) allowing the mix to soft set,f) exposing a predetermined surface area of the beads by either washingor sponging the surface of the finish with water; or g) allowing the mixto hard set and washing with hydrochloric acid.

[0012] In the broadest form of the method aspect, the present inventioncomprises a method for producing a surface finish on the surface of astructure or other object as hereinbefore described comprising the stepsof; a) selecting a cementitious material, b) selecting glass beads fromwithin the size range of 0.1 mm to 200 mm, c) adding an adhesive to themix, d) mixing the cementitious material with the selected bead sizesand water until the mix reaches a predetermined consistency, e) applyingthe matrix so formed to the surface of a structure, f) washing away partof the cementitious material such that 30-60% of the surface area of asubstantial number of the glass beads on the surface of the matrix isexposed, g) allowing the surface finish to set.

[0013] According to the preferred embodiment of the method aspect theadhesive comprises a silicone and a concrete fortifier mixed together.

[0014] According to a preferred embodiment the aggregate bead/cementratio is 5:8 or five part beads to 3 parts cement. Alternatively, thebead/cement ratio may be 8:5.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] The present invention will now be described in all its aspectsand in more detail according to preferred but non-limiting embodimentsand with reference to the accompanying illustrations wherein;

[0016]FIG. 1 shows a structural element including the surface finishaccording to one embodiment of the invention;

[0017]FIG. 2 shows the surface finish according to an alternativeembodiment of the invention wherein different size glass beads are used;and

[0018]FIG. 3 shows an alternative embodiment of the finish includingother selected aggregates.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] According to a preferred embodiment the surface finish of thepresent invention comprises a matrix of cement, water, an adhesive andglass beads forming the aggregate material.

[0020] The adhesive is introduced into the mix with the water tofacilitate bonding between the glass beads and the mortar. For thispurpose known adhesives may be used with such additives as a concretefortifier mixed with a silicone to provide a mechanical locking and thusbinding between the beads and the mortar. In the present application,the term “concrete fortifier” refers to such materials as XycrylicAdmix™ available from Xypex Corporation of Lavington, N.S.W., Australiawhich is an acrylic polymer formulation designed for use as a concreteadmix which causes a catalytic reaction when mixed with water togenerates a nonsoluble crystalline formation of dendritic fibers withinthe pores and capillary tracts of concrete.

[0021] In utilizing the surface finish of the present invention, manyvariations of aggregate mix can be achieved to provide differentaesthetic, bonding and structural effects. The blend proportions andconstituents over and above the essential constituents are primarilydetermined by the particular application of the surface coating and moreparticularly whether it would be used on a horizontal, vertical orsloping substrate surface. The nature and quality of the substratematerial is also a determinant of the mix.

[0022] Referring to FIG. 1 there is shown a surface finish 1 applied tothe surface of a structural element 2. Surface finish 1 comprises amatrix formed from at least a cementitious material 3 and water intowhich is mixed spherical glass beads 4 which may be of the same ordifferent sizes.

[0023] Preferably, the beads fall within a size range 0.1 mm to 200 mmbut the ideal range from which beads would be selected and thus the mostcommonly used beads would be in the order of 1 to 15 mm. The glass beadsprovide a large surface area for binding with the cementitious material3.

[0024] However, in order to enhance the natural adhesion between theglass beads 4 and cement 3 an adhesive is added which has the effect ofchemically abrading or etching the smooth surface of the glass beads toprovide proper adhesion. The adhesive is either a powder or liquidcomprising a mixture of a silicone and a concrete fortifier. Theconcrete fortifier retards the set so to compensate for this, thesilicone accelerates the set. The concrete fortifier fortifies thecement mix, increases hardness, durability, bonding capability andchemical resistance to alkalinity bleed from the glass beads. Thesurface finish is prepared by mixing the cementitious material with theglass beads in a slurry which is formed by adding water and an adhesive.Most of the glass beads are distributed throughout the slurry to ensureconsistent structural integrity of the surface finish matrix.

[0025] Ideally, the outer surface 5 of the surface finish matrix isformed by glass beads near the surface which sit proud of thecementitious material. Ideally, the surface area presenting to andforming the outside of the surface finish would be 30% to 60% of thesurface area of each bead but preferably closer to 60%. Thus, 30% of thebeads along the surface 5 would be visible above the surface uponcompletion of the finish. The proportion of the glass beads which areexposed is determined largely by the amount of washing of the surfaceprior to final setting of the surface finish. This has the effect ofwashing away the layer of mortar nearest the outside thereby exposingthe glass beads close to the surface of the matrix. The glass beadsinterlock within the matrix providing resistance against various forcesapplied to the surface finish such as tensile, compressive or bendingforces enhancing the structural integrity of the finish. Theinterlocking also prevents the tendency of glass beads to spall off fromthe matrix thereby preserving the integrity of the surface finish.According to a preferred embodiment, the bead sizes throughout thematrix are varied. For instance, for a particular surface finish one maychoose beads from the sizes 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12 and 15 mm whereby thesmaller diameter beads would assume the spaces between the largerdiameter beads in a given finish thereby enhancing the interlockingbetween the beads. According to one embodiment, the surface finish wouldhave a ratio of cementitious material to glass beads of 1:1.

[0026] Alternatively, the ratio would be 5:4. The color of the cementmortar which is used determines the color transmitted by the glassbeads. As the beads are clear they are internally reflective. If whitecement is used, the glass beads tend to reflect a white color, whereasif a darker cement such as grey is used, the bead reflection would begrey. Thus, the beads reflect the color of the cement that is used. Inanother embodiment a mixture of colored beads may be used so that amixed color effect is achieved.

[0027] In an alternative embodiment, the matrix is prepared by selectingin addition to the glass beads aggregates selected from earth materialssuch as semi precious gems, precious gems, sands or quartz, marble andpebble aggregates.

[0028] Preferably, beads mixed with other aggregates should be mixedwith substantially the same size aggregate as the beads to achieveproper grading within and adequate strength of the matrix. For instance,if a 3 mm bead size is chosen as the predominant bead, then if there isto be used an additional aggregate material, a 3 mm size aggregateshould be chosen. In an alternative embodiment, the proportion of thecementitious material may be greater than the proportion of glass beadsby weight with the selection of proportions dictated by the particularapplication of the surface finish. To enhance adhesion between the glassbeads and the cement an adhesive is introduced. In addition to theadhesive, other admixtures are used according to the properties of thesurface finish required. The ratio of admixture to cement used wouldpreferably be in the region of 250 ml to 40 kg by weight of cement.

[0029] The proportions of the mixed constituents which make up thematrix are determined according to the particular application andappearance required for the surface finish. Thus, examples of blendswould be 50% glass beads to 50% selected aggregate such as pebbles, 75%glass bead to 25% gem stones, 70% glass bead to 30% gem stones. Bead oraggregate ratio selection depends on the surface finish required. Thus,the ratio is essentially determined by choice for a particularproportion of bead required to be seen prominently on the surface of themix.

[0030] When the surface finish is used in structures in contact withwater, a water proofing additive is desirable. The water proofing agentshould be of the cementitious crystalline type that chemically controlsand permanently fixes non-soluble crystalline growth throughout thecapillary voids of the cement. The admixture should be used topermanently waterproof structures either above or below ground wherewater ingress is a predicted problem. The adhesive may also act as aconcrete fortifier. The weight of the admixture per cubic meter ofsurface finish is determined according to the level of water pressure towhich the structure is likely to be subjected.

[0031] Furthermore, where the waterproofing mixture is used, the amountof water required for the slurry will reduce by 5 to 20 liters per cubicmeter depending on the dosage rate and mix design. The water proofingadmixture can also act as a set retardant.

[0032] Thus, when a water proofing admixture is used precautions must beused to adjust the mixture to accommodate the effects that the waterproofing admixture has on the matrix.

[0033] The waterproofing admixture which may also be a fortifier whichalso has the advantage of increasing adhesive strength and bondingalthough in doing this it slightly retards the setting time but asindicated, this is compensated for by the use of a silicone which has anaccelerating effect on setting of the cement.

[0034]FIG. 2 shows an alternative embodiment of the invention this timeshowing the surface finish containing beads of varying sizes. Thus,beads 6 fall in the upper end of the size range, beads 7 in the middleand beads 8 in the lower end. These beads may be spherical and regularor irregular.

[0035]FIG. 3 shows the finish formed with beads of different sizes as inFIG. 2 however, in this embodiment the finish also includes a non glassaggregate 9 blended with aggregates 6, 7 and 8.

[0036] According to the method aspect, the invention may be realized byapplying various methodological steps according to the selected mixtureand application to which the surface finish will be put.

[0037] In the most rudimentary form a mix may be achieved by manual handmixing such as in a bucket or wheelbarrow or by manual mixing on a flatsurface. This is suitable for small applications but for largerapplications a mechanical mixing device should be used.

[0038] Preferably, a paddle mixer is used such that the paddles are setoff the barrel bin with hard plastic blades attached to the end of thepaddle to scrape and clean the bowl. This prevents crushing of the glassand grinding of the beads by the paddles against the barrel resulting incrushing and degradation of the beads. Where a finish is to be appliedto a vertical surface, certain additional preparatory steps arerequired. First the surface of the substrate is laid with a patch coatwhich seals the substrate material from unwanted bleed out. The patchcoat comprises a slurry including a silicone, concrete fortifier, cementand water but no aggregate, This mix must be mixed to the required pasteconsistency to ensure binding to the substrate.

[0039] Following this, the full mix is applied comprising cement, water,adhesive and selected glass beads and if required, other aggregates.According to a preferred embodiment of the method aspect, the inventioninvolves the following steps: a) selecting a suitable cementitiousmaterial of a predetermined coloration; b) selecting glass beads of asize within the range 0.1 to 200 mm, mixing an adhesive into water formixing with the glass beads and cementitious material progressivelyadding the water to the mix during mixing until a slurry is formed at apredetermined consistency suitable for the selected laying application;c) applying the matrix so formed to the surface of a structure; d)allowing the matrix to soft set for a predesignated period; e) washingaway part of the cementitious material such that 30% to 60% of thesurface area of a substantial number of glass beads on the finishedsurface are exposed; f) allowing the matrix to hard set.

[0040] In an alternative embodiment the additives are introduced intothe mix at the mixing step which additives are selected from setretardants, plasticizers, and adhesives. The nature of the additiveselected would be determined according to the application for thesurface finish.

[0041] According to one embodiment of the method aspect, the mixture mayalso include the addition of aggregates selected from precious orsemi-precious gems, sands crushed quartz, marble or pebbles. Theseaggregates may be introduced during the early mixing phase when a slurryis formed or alternatively, a selected aggregate may be broadcast on thesurface finish just after laying and either before or after washing ofthe surface to expose the glass beads. The recommended method ishowever, to mix the aggregate selected with the matrix so the designconsistency of the finish is assured.

[0042] There are a large variety of applications to which the surfacefinish may be put. Once the matrix is mixed to the required consistency,it may be applied by hand according to rendering techniques either tohorizontal, vertical and indeed surfaces of almost any shape. Oneapplication of the finish is in surfacing of swimming pools, in whichcase waterproofing additives are required to be included in the matrix.

[0043] As an alternative to the use of mortar it is possible to utilizevinyl based resins which may either be rolled onto a surface by hand,(called hand laminating) or alternatively sprayed with a suitable gununder air pressure. According to this application the gun sprays thebeads, a catalyst and resin at once, leaving the beads to set in theclear finish formed on the surface.

[0044] As an alternative to the above described method aspect, it ispossible to form tiles once the matrix has mixed and set. Thus, ratherthan immediately applying the surface finish after the requiredconsistency is achieved upon mixing, the mixture can be placed in a moldand allowed to set thereby forming a tile which can later be used as asurfacing material over a structural or non-structural substrate such asprefabricated or precast panels for use in the building industryincluding high rise.

[0045] Where the surface finish is applied by use of a gun, the surfaceto which the finish is to be applied has an adhesive membrane applied toits surface to provide support for the glass beads and resin mixturewhen sprayed on under air pressure.

[0046] The beads used in the various applications of the presentinvention are made of glass. The main ingredient is silica, sand, sodaash and limestone. These are generally weighed during manufacture andmixed with minor ingredients such as metal oxides. The most commonlyused beads are made from recycled glass and are spherical or irregularlyshaped.

[0047] Tinting of the glass beads may be achieved by mixing colorationor by incorporating fine particles of metal such as gold or magnesium inthe beads. Gold or magnesium will provide a red bead. Cobalt willprovide a blue bead.

[0048] Although the preferred shape for the glass beads is spherical itwill be appreciated that other shapes may be used in the surface finishaccording to requirements. Such bead shapes would include for example,elliptical, oval, pear, rectangular, triangular, cylindrical, prismatic,hexagonal, octagonal and other similar shapes.

[0049] The methodology of the present invention is particularlyadaptable to pre-cast fabrication whereby pre-cast structural memberssuch as concrete panels which are cast in situ in factories may haveapplied to them the surface finish according to the present inventionand its various embodiments. Thus, the surface finish can be applied tobuilding panels which may either be structural or cosmetic, molded offsite and prepared with the surface finish prior to delivery. Apart fromstructural panels, panels may also be manufactured including the surfacefinish when used for pavings, slabs, stepping stones, brick and tilepavers, floors, wall decorations.

[0050] According to one method of prefabrication, the surface finish isapplied while the concrete which forms the pre-fabricated panel is stillwet. The bead finish is then applied to the still wet panel enabling thepanel and the surface finish to combine in the one setting process. Thisallows the surface finish to be integral with the setting and enhancesthe overall structural integrity of the substrate.

[0051] Another application of the present invention is in themanufacture of bead sheeting which involves applying the surface finishaccording to the invention and its embodiments to netting, paper,synthetic, metal wooden or other surface. Once the surface finish sets,the sheeting which forms the substructure surface finish may then beattached to a structure using an adhesive according to the surface towhich the sheeting is to be adhered. The bead sheeting or bead nettingis applied to an existing structure using waterproofed siliconizedadhesive.

[0052] Synthetically based or cementitious based adhesive is useddepending on the material or surface to which the sheet is to beadhered. Thus, the surface finish according to the invention and itsvarious embodiments has numerous applications in building and industry.

[0053] Among the applications are the use of the surface finish forreflective purposes and this is particularly useful in safetyapplications such as in mines, on roads and roadside structures,airports for runway markings, on entrances to tunnels, platform edgingand for outlining structures for night attention. Thus, the substratesto which the surface finish of the present invention may be applied arelimited only to those having finish compatible surfaces and include avariety of materials surfaces and objects. Depending upon the substratematerial selected, a suitable adhesive is chosen or alternatively thesubstrate surface is prepared in order to receive and support the glassbead surface finish. The film may also be used in maritime applicationsfor instance, in illuminating dangerous rock outcrops, channel markings,pole markings, ferry wharfs and entrances where reflective materials arerequired.

[0054] Yachts, boats, ships, etc. which require permanent reflectivesafety marking may also have the finish applied. Other maritimeapplications include marker boys, color coding of moorings, nightillumination of ferry's, private wharfs, pontoons and obstructions inmaritime waterways. Other maritime applications include safety markingsfor wetsuits and surfboards.

[0055] The glass beading may also be used in future applicationsincluding table tops, lounges and other items of furniture.

[0056] Other building applications include use of the surface finish fordriveways, paths, courtyards, interior and exterior floors, gardenedging, on retaining walls, stepping stones and other applications wheresafety is required.

[0057] The glass beads are generally supplied by weight in quantitiesaccording to predetermined proportions of bead sizes. As an example itis possible to obtain a bag of beads including 10% glass beads, size 1.4mm, 20% bead size 1.7 mm and 70% bead size 2 mm; as another example, aprepared bag mixture may contain 10% beading at 2.8 mm, 20% at 3.3.5 mmand 70% at 4 mm. In a further example, a mix bag of glass beads mayinclude 10% at 2.3, 6 mm, 20% at 2.8 mm and 70% at 3.35 mm.

[0058] It will be recognized by persons skilled in the art that numerousvariations and modifications may be made to the invention as broadlydescribed herein without departing from the overall spirit and scope ofthe invention.

That which is claimed is:
 1. A surface finish for a substrate comprisingat least one of vertical, horizontal or sloping surfaces, the surfacefinish comprising: a matrix formed from a combination of at least acementitious material, water and glass beads, the glass beads being ablend of either the same size or a blend of at least two differentsizes, some of said glass bead being visible on a surface of saidmatrix, and an adhesive, the adhesive including a concrete fortifier anda silicone.
 2. A surface finish according to claim 1 wherein a portionof a surface area of the glass beads are hidden in the cementitiousmaterial with a remainder of the surface area of the glass beads beingvisible on the surface of the matrix such that the visible portions ofthe glass beads provide a reflective surface.
 3. A surface finishaccording to claim 2 wherein between 30%-60% of the surface area of eachof the glass beads is visible above the surface finish.
 4. A surfacefinish according to claim 3 wherein the glass beads interlock within thematrix thereby providing resistance against tensile, bending andcompression forces applied to the matrix.
 5. A surface finish accordingto claim 4 wherein the glass beads within the cementitious material arebetween 0.1 mm and 200 mm.
 6. A surface finish according to claim 5wherein the glass beads are graded within the matrix and have sizes fromthe group consisting of 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12 and 15 mm.
 7. A surfacefinish according to claim 6 wherein the cementitious material and theglass beads are provided in a ratio of 1:1 by weight.
 8. A surfacefinish according to claim 7 more of the glass beads are provided in thematrix than the cementitious material, by weight.
 9. A surface finishaccording to claim 8 wherein more of the cementitious material isprovided in the matrix that of the glass beads, by weight.
 10. A surfacefinish according to claim 9 wherein the cementitious material and theglass beads are provided in the matrix in a ration of 8:5 by weight. 11.A surface finish according to claim 8 further comprising an aggregateselected from the group consisting of precious gems, semi-precious gems,sand, crushed quartz, marble pieces and pebble aggregate.
 12. A surfacefinish according to claim 10 wherein the matrix comprises at least oneadditive selected from the group consisting of set retardants, setaccelerators, waterproofing agents, bleed protectors and additionaladhesives.
 13. A surface finish according to claim 11 wherein the matrixis between 11 mm and 150 mm thick.
 14. A method for preparing andapplying a surface finish on a substrate comprising at least one of avertical surface, a horizontal surface and a sloped surface, the methodcomprising the steps of: a) selecting a cementitious material, b)selecting glass beads from within a size range of 0.1 mm to 200 mm, c)mixing the cementitious material with the selected glass beads, waterand an adhesive including a concrete fortifier and a silicone until themix reaches a consistency commensurate with application to thesubstrate, d) applying the mixture to the substrate, e) prior to hardsetting of the mixture on the substrate, washing away a part of thecementitious material to expose a portion of the glass beads embedded inthe cementitious material, such that 30% to 60% of a surface area ofeach of the exposed glass beads on the surface of the mixture isexposed, and f) allowing the mixture to hard set.
 15. The methodaccording to claim 14 comprising a step of adding during the mixing stepat least one admixture selected from the group consisting of setretardants, waterproofing agents, bleed protectors, additional adhesivesor set accelerators.
 16. The method according to claim 15 comprising thesteps of: a) selecting at least one additional aggregate from the groupconsisting of precious gems, semi-precious gems, sand, crushed quartz,marble pieces and pebbles, b) mixing the selected at least one aggregateinto the mix during the mixing step and prior to the step of allowingthe mixture to hard set and the applying step to, and c) dispersing theselected at least one aggregate into the mixture following the step ofwashing away part of the cementitious material.
 17. A method forpreparing and applying a surface finish on a substrate comprising atleast one of a vertical surface, a horizontal surface and a slopedsurface, the method comprising the steps of: a) selecting a cementitiousmaterial, b) selecting glass beads from within the size range of 0.1 mmto 200 mm, c) preparing a liquid solution of water and an adhesive, theadhesive comprising a concrete fortifier and a silicone, d) mixing thesolution with the selected cementitious material and the selected glassbeads until the mix reaches a consistency commensurate with applicationonto the substrate, e) applying the mix onto the substrate, f) exposing30% to 60% of the surface area of each of the glass beads on the surfaceof the mix, and g) hard setting of the mix.
 18. The method according toclaim 17 wherein the step of exposing comprises washing away a portionof the cementitious material by hosing or sponging prior to the step ofhard setting of the mix.
 19. The method according to claim 17 whereinthe step or exposing comprises the step of washing the surface of thefinish with hydrochloric acid such that 30% to 60% of the surface areaof a substantial number of the glass beads on the surface of the matrixis exposed following the step of hard setting of the mixture.
 20. Amethod according to claim 17 involving comprising a step of, prior thestep of mixing, preparing the substrate by applying a patch coatcomprising an additional cementitious material, water, a concretefortifier and a silicone but not including an aggregate, including glassbeads.